An Open Door to Caesar 



V^^-C^u^-^ * C-* * QfoM. ^^^ 



J 



The Beginner's Caesar 



BEING MAINLY THE SIMPLIFIED TEXT OF THE 
BELLUM HELVETICUM OF THE COMMENTARIES 



BY 

HABRISON DICKINSON CANNON 

Ph. B., Cornell University 



Repetitio mater est studiorum 



TWO COPIES RECEIVED, 

Uferary of c©»gr@* % 

APR 1 6 1800 




Copyright, 1900 
By Harrison D. Cannon 



FIRST COPY, 



Printed by 
Stilwell & Ross 

DRYDEN, N. Y. 






PREFACE 



This pamphlet is the outcome of a close personal experience, both 
as pupil and teacher, of the difficulties attendant upon the initiation 
of classes in the reading of Caesar. 

The late report of the Committee of Twelve of the American Philo- 
logical Association but verifies a matter of general repute among the 
profession in these words : "Some opposition has been made to the 
study of Caesar as being too difficult for students in the second year of 
the course. But to omit Caesar would be a retrograde step in the framing 
of Latin programs." But despite the fact that they hereby state a 
truth of common knowledge, the words exert a new and powerful 
force by the prestige of the honorable members of that comimttee. 
Educational influences which come from such men as constituted that 
board are resistless on whatsoever they may be brought to bear. 
Lovers of the classics, and especially of the cause of Caesar for the 
service it has so long performed, need have no anxiety. For those 
influences are now being directed full in favor of maintaining, nay in 
advancing the classics as essential factors in the education of to-day. 
And statistics witness the success of these efforts for classicism. 
Figures show that in the last nine years, 1890- ? 99, the study of Latin 
i ' has gained at a rate greater than that of any other secondary-school 
study. " As a means of comparison the report shows in Latin an in- 
crease of 174 per cent, in German 131, in Greek 94, in Chemistry 65. 



ii PBEFACE 

"It is encouraging to Mends of classical study to notice that in 1898 
almost one-half (49.44 per cent) of all the pupils enrolled in the sec- 
ondary-schools were engaged in the study of Latin." 

Prom this it is clear that the question before us is not what, but 
how. Caesar must remain. But how is it to be made easier for 
beginners? This pamphlet, embodying an anaylitic method in the 
interpretation of the text, is the author's answer to the serious 
question. 

The Committee suggests that first year classes read twenty to thirty 
pages of easy Latin toward the close of the year. It has been difficult 
for teachers to obtain such matter — at once easy and consecutive and 
pertinent to the immediate end in view. The aim of this pamphlet is 
to supply it. The treatment of the pupil during this transition 
is important. From now on his attention should be drawn closely to 
the systematic study of connected discourse, at first simple and con- 
cise, but gradually approaching and finally reaching the level of 
Caesar's own. And in connection with this reading, the pupil is in a 
condition to profit by a thorough drill from the text in all the mech- 
anism of word forms — parts, conjugation, declension, comparison- 
syntax, translation at sight and hearing ; and above all, reproduction 
of the Latin, after the method which has come down to us from that 
most renowned teacher of his age, Johann Sturm of Strasburg. The 
lesson book should be laid aside. It has done its work. With the 
teacher as a guide the student needs no other print than the book 
now before him. 

Attention need hardly be called to the striking feature of the work. 
By a careful method of analysis the reader is lead gradually and 
easily through the difficulties of Caesar's complex constructions to the 
text toto in se of the Commentaries itself. 

The author's one purpose is to join the multitude of lovers of classic 
literature in their effort to open the way more and more to the foun- 
tainhead of those forces that are still moulding the very life of the 
world. 



THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 



1. THE DIVISIONS OF GAUL 

Cf ALLIA est omnis divisa in partes tres. Quarum partium& unam 
partem incolunt Belgae. Aliam partem incolunt Aquitani 
Tertiam incolunt Galli. Galli lingua^ ipsorum Celtae appellantur. 
Celtae nostra lingua Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutis, 
legibus inter se differunt. Garumna flumen Gallos ab Aquitanis2? 
dividit. Matrona et Sequana flumina 79 Gallos a Belgis dividit. 

Characteristics of the Gallic people 

Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu 
atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt. Ad eos, 25 mercatores 
minime saepe commeant. Mercatores ea minime saepe important, 
quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent. Belgae proximi sunt Ger- 
manis, 19 qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum (=cum quibus33) con- 
tinenter bellum gerunt. 

Qua de causa, Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos praecedunt. Hel- 
vetii reliquos virtute praecedunt, quod cum Germanis contendunt. 
Fere cotidianis proeliis 32 cum Germanis contendunt. Helvetii suis 
finibus Germanos prohibent. Helvetii in Germanorum finibus3 9 bel- 
lum gerunt. 

Boundaries of each nation 

Una pars eorum initium capit a fiumine Rhodano. Earn partem 
Gallos26 obtinere?6 dictum est. Continetur Garumna numine, Oceano, 
finibus Belgarum. Attingit flumen Rhenum. Attingit etiam ab 
Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum. Vergit ad septentriones. 
Belgae ab extremis finibus Galliae oriuntur. Pertinent ad infer- 



2 THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 

ioreni partem fluminis Rheni. Spectant in septentrionem et orient- 
em solem. Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes 
pertinet. Pertinet ad earn partem Oceani, quae est ad Hispaniam??. 
Spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones. 

Chapter 1 verbatim of Caesar's text 

Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt 
Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam, qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nos- 
tra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus in- 
ter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Bel- 
gis Matrona et Sequana dividit. Horum omnium fortissimi sunt 
Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longis- 
sime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant, atque ea, 
quae ad efieminandos animos pertinent, important ; proximique sunt 
Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum 
gerunt ; qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute prae- 
cedunt, quod fere quotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum 
aut suis finibus eos prohibent, aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt. 
Eorum una pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium capit a 
flumine Rhodano ; continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus 
Belgarum ; attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum ; 
vergit ad septemtriones. Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriunt- 
ur ; pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni ; spectant in 
septemtriones et orientem solem. Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad 
Pyrenaeos montes et earn partem Oceani, quae est ad Hispaniam, 
pertinet ; spectat inter occasum solis et septemtriones. 

2. CONSPIRACY OF ORGETORIX 

^TJPUD Helvetios nobilissimus fuit Orgetorix. Orgetorix fuit longe 
' ditissimus. Is conjurationem nobilitatis fecit. Is, regni 4 cupidi- 
tate 29 inductus, conjurationem fecit. Is, Marco Messala et M. Pisone 
consulibus, 4 3 civitati 12 persuasit ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis 
exirent. 49 Dixit : perfacile esse, 67 totius Galliae imperio 35 potiri. 
Perfacile esse, imperio potiri, cum virtute omnibus praestarent. 68 



THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 3 

Natural limits to Helvetia 

Helvetii loci natura undique continentur. Hoc 29 facilius eis per- 
suasit ut de suis finibus exirent. Helvetii una ex parted flumine 
Rheno 79 continentur. Rhenus latissimus 7 3 et altissimus est. Is 
agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit. Helvetii altera ex parte 
monte Jura continentur. Jura, mons altissimus, inter Sequanos et 
Helvetios est. Helvetii tertia (ex parte) lacu Lemanno et flumine 
Rhodario continentur. Rhodanus provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis 
dividit. His rebus fiebat ut minus late vagarentur. His rebus 
fiebat ut minus facile finitimis 1 ^ bellum inferre possent. 
Helvetii cupidi bellandi 7 erant. Qua ex parte (qua de causa) 
Helvetii, homines 79 bellandi cupidi, magno dolore afficiebantur. Se 
angustos fines habere 76 arbitrabantur. Pro multitudine hominum, 
angustos se fines habere arbitrabantur. Pro gloria belli atque 
fortitudionis, fines angustos esse arbitrabantur. Fines in longitudi- 
nem milia passuum CCXL patebant. In latitudinem CLXXX 
patebant. 

Chapter 2 of Caesar's text 

Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus et dittissimus fuit Orgetorix. 
Is, Marco Messala et Marco Pisone consulibus, regni cupiditate in- 
ductus conjurationem nobilitatis fecit et civitati persuasit, ut de fini- 
bus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent ; perfacile esse, cum virtute om- 
nibus praestarent, totius Galliae imperio potiri. Id hoc facilius eis 
persuasit, quod undique loci natura Helvetii continentur; una ex 
parte flumine Rheno, latissimo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium 
a Germanis dividit; altera ex parte, monte Jura altissimo, qui est 
inter Sequanos et Helvetios; tertia, lacu Lemanno et flumine Rhoda- 
no, qui provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis dividit. His rebus fiebat, 
ut et minus late vagarentur et minus facile finitimis bellum inferre 
possent; qua de causa homines bellandi cupidi magno dolore afiicie- 
bantur. Pro multitudine autem hominum et pro gloria belli atque 
fortitudinis, angustos se fines habere arbitrabantur, qui in longitudi- 



4 THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 

nern milia passuum ducenta et quadriginta, in latitudinem centum 
et octoginta patebant. 

3. PREPARATIONS OF THE HELVETIANS 

T^IS rebus adducti sunt. Auctoritate Orgetorigis 3 permoti sunt. 
» His rebus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti, constitue- 
runt ea comparare, 74 quae ad proficiscendum pertinerent. 50 Constit- 
uerunt maximum numerum jumentorum coemere. Constituerunt 
quam? 3 maximum numerum carrorum coemere. Constituerunt quam 
maximas sementes facere, ut in itinere copia frumenti suppeteret. 
Constituerunt pacem et amicitiam cum proximis civitatibus confirm- 
are. Ad eas res conficiendas^i biennium satis est. Biennium sibi 
satis esse duxerunt. In tertium annum 25 profectionem lege 32 confir- 
mant. Ad eas res conficiendas Orgetorix deligitur. 

Orgetorix enlists other chiefs 

Is sibi 13 legationem ad civitates suscepit. In eo itinere persuadet 
Castico, ut regnum in civitate sua occuparet. Casticus, Sequanus, 79 
filius Catamantaloedis erat. Pater Castici regnum in Sequanis mul- 
tos annos obtinuerat. A senatu 30 populi Romani amicus 79 appellatus 
erat. Regnum in Sequanis pater Castici ante habuerat. Itemque, 
Orgetorix Dumnorigi, qui plebi 19 acceptus erat, persuasit ut idem 
conaretur. Orgetorix ei 11 filiam suam in matrimonium dat. Dum- 
norix Aeduus frater Divitiaci erat. Dumnorix eo tempore principa- 
tum in civi-tate obtinebat. 

His argument 

Conata perflcere? 6 perfacile est. Illis probat perfacile factu? 5 esse 
conata perficere. Perfacile esse probat, propterea-quod imperium 
suae civitatis 4 obtenturus esse t. 54 Non esse67 dubium quin^o totius 
Galliae Helvetii plurimum possent. Orgetorix confirmat se regna 
conciliaturum esse. Se suis copiis suoque exercitu illis 18 regna con- 
ciliaturum esse confirmat. Hac oratione, Casticus et Dumnorix ad- 
ducti sunt. Hac oratione adducti, inter se fidem et jus jurandum 
dant. Sperant sese totius Galliae potiri posse. Regno occupato, 



THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 5 

sese totius Galliae potiri sperant. Per tres potentissimos ac firmissi- 
mos populos, sese Galliae potiri posse sperant. 

Chapter 3 of Caesar 

His rebus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti, constituerunt 
ea, quae ad proficiscendum pertinerent, comparare; jumentorum et car- 
rorum quam maximum numerum coemere; sementes quam maximas 
facere, ut in itinere copia frumenti suppeteret; cum proximis eivita- 
tibus pacem et amicitiam comirmare. Ad eas res conficiendas bien- 
nium sibi satis esse duxerunt; in tertium annum profectionem lege 
confirmant. Ad eas res conficiendas Orgetorix deligitur. Is sibi 
legationem ad civitates suscepit. In eo itinere persuadet Castico 
Catamantaloedis filio, Sequano, cujus pater regnum in Sequanis mul- 
tos annos obtinuerat et a senatu populi Romani amicus appellatus erat, 
ut regnum in civitate sua occuparet, quod pater ante habuerat; 
itemque Dumnorigi Aeduo, fratri Divitiaci, qui eo tempore princi- 
patum in civitate obtinebat ac maxime plebi acceptus erat, ut idem 
conaretur, persuadet, eique filiam suam in matrimonium dat. Per- 
facile factu esseillis probat conata perficere, propterea quod ipse suae 
civitatis imperium obtenturus esset; non esse dubium, quin totius 
Galliae plurimum Helve tii possent; se suis copiis suoque exercitu 
illis regna conciliaturum confirmat. Hac oratione adducti inter se 
fidem et jusjurandum dant et, regno occupato, per tres potentissi- 
mos ac firmissimos populos totius Galliae sese potiri posse sperant. 

Chapter 4 of Caesar 

Ea res est Helvetiis per indicium enuntiata. Moribus suis Orget- 
origem ex vinculis causam dicere coegerunt. Damnatum poenam 
sequi opportebat, ut igni cremaretur. Die constituta causae dictionis 
Orgetorix ad judicium omnem suam familiam, ad hominum milia de- 
cern, undique coegit, et omnes clientes obaeratosque suos, quorum 
magnum numerum habebat, eodem conduxit; per eos, ue causam 
diceret, se eripuit. Cum civitas ob earn rem incitata armis jus suum 
exsequi conareter, multitudinemque hominum ex agris magistratus 



6 THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 

cogerent, Orgetorix mortuus est; neque abest suspicio, ut Helvetii 
arbitrantur, quin ipse sibi mortem consciverit. 

5. PLANS OF EXODUS MATURE 

TJIHILO minus, Helvetii id, quod constituerant, facere conantur. 
" Post Orgetorigis mortem, id facere conantur, ut e finibus suis 
exeant. Ubi jam se ad earn rem paratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida 
sua omnia incendunt. Oppida sua numero 38 ad 77 duodecim erant. 
Vicos ad quadringentos incendunt. Reliqua privata aedificia incen- 
dunt. Frumentum omne, praeterquam quod secum portaturi erant, 
comburunt. Id comburunt ut, domum 25 reditionis spe sublata, ad 
omnia pericula subeunda paratiores essent. Quemque cibaria sibi 
<domo efferre jubent. Quemque molita cibaria trium 2 mensium efferre 
jubent. 

They persuade other tribes to go also 

Persuadent Rauricis et Tulingis et Latovicis, finitimis, ut una cum 
iis proficiscantur. Persuadent iis ut, eodem consilio 35 usi, una secum 
proficiscantur. Persuadent iis ut, oppidis suis vicisque exustis, una 
secum proficiscantur. Boios, receptos ad se, socios 79 sibi 13 adsciscunt. 
Boii trans Rhenum incoluerant. Boios, qui in agrum Noricum tran- 
sierant et Noreiam oppugnaverant, sibi adsciscunt. 

Chapter 5 of Caesar 

Post ejus mortem nihilo minus Helvetii id, quod constituerant, fa- 
cere conantur, ut e finibus suis exeant. Ubi jam se ad earn rem pa- 
ratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida sua omnia numero ad duodecim, 
vicos ad quadringentos, reliqua privata aedificia incendunt; frumen- 
tum omne, praeterquam quod secum portaturi erant, comburunt, ut, 
domum reditionis spe sublata, paratiores ad omnia pericula subeunda 
essent; trium mensium molita cibaria sibi quemque domo efferre ju- 
bent. Persuadent Rauricis et Tulingis et Latovicus, finitimis, uti, 
eodem usi consilio, oppidis suis vicisque exustis, una cum iis proficis- 



THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 7 

cantur ; Boiosque, qui trans Rhenum incoluerant et in agrum Nori- 
cum transierant Noreiamque oppugnarant, receptos ad se socios sibi 
adseiscimt. 

6. WAYS OF EXIT 

IT* RANT omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo exire possent 50 : 
unum iter per Sequanos, angustum et difficile, inter montem 
Juram et numen Rhodanum, qua singuli carri ducerentur. Mons, 
autem, altissimus impendebat ut facile perpauci prohibere possent. 
Alterum iter per provinciam nostram erat. Id multo 81 facilius atque 
expeditius erat, propterea quod inter fines Helvetiorum et Allobro- 
gum Rhodanus fluit. Is nonnullis locis vado transitur. 

They choose the second route 

Helvetii et Allobroges nuper pacati erant. Extremum oppidum 
Allobrogum proximumque finibus 19 Helvetiorum 1 est Genava. Ex eo 
oppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet. Helvetii sese 26 Allobrogibus per- 
suasuros esse existimabant. Existimabant sese Allobrogibus persua- 
suros, quod Allobroges nondum bono animo 2 in populum Romanum 
viderentur. Existimabant sese Allobrogibus vel persuasuros vel vi 
coacturos, ut per suos fines Helvetios ire paterentur 48 . Omnibus re- 
bus ad profectionem comparatis, Helvetii diem dicunt. Diem dicunt, 
qua 48 die omnes ad ripam 77 Rhodani conveniant 48 . Is dies erat ante 
diem quintum Kalendas Apriles. Lucius Piso et Aulus Gabinius 
consules erant. Is dies erat a. d. V. Kal. Apr., L. Pisone, A. Gabinio 
consulibus 43 . 

7. THE NEWS REACHES CAESAR. HIS ACTIVE MEASURES 

/7AESARI 11 id nuntiatum est. Eos per provinciam nostram iter 
facere conari nuntiatum est. Cum id Caesari nuntiatum esset 53 , 
maturat ab urbe proficisci 74 . Caesar in Galliam ulteriorem contendit 
et ad Genavam pervenit. Quam 73 maximis potest itineribus contendit. 
Provinciae toti magnum numerum militum imperat. Quam maxi- 
mum potest numerum militum imperat. Erat omnino in Gallia ulter- 



8 THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 

iore legio una. Pontem, qui erat ad Genavam, jubet rescindi. Ubi 59 
de ejus adventu Helvetii certiores facti sunt, legatos ad eum mittunt. 
Ii nobilissimi civitatis erant. Helvetii legatos mittunt, cujus lega- 
tionis 5 Nammeius et Verucloetius principem locum obtinebant. Hel- 
vetii legatos ad Caesarem mittunt, qui 48 dicerent, sibi 15 esse in animo 
iter per provinciam facere. Sibi esse 66 in animo per provinciam sine 
ullo maleficio ire, propterea quod aliud iter haberent 68 nullum. Hel- 
vetios rogare ut, voluntate 38 Caesaris, id sibi facere liceat. 

Caesar's reasons for rejecting; his duplicity 

Caesar id concedendum esse non putabat, quod 60 Lucium Cassium 
memoria tenebat. L. Cassius, consul, occisus erat. Exercitus ejus 
ab Helvetiis pulsus et sub jugum missus erat. Caesar, quod memoria 
tenebat L. Cassium, consulem, occisum, concedendum non putabat. 
Neque existimabat homines, inimico animo 36 , temperatures esse ab 
injuria et maleficio. Caesar non existimabat Helvetios, facultate 
itineris 6 faciundi 6 per provinciam data, temperaturos a maleficio. 
Tamen, legatis respondit se diem ad deliberandum sumpturum esse. 
Tamen, ut spatium intercedere posset, dum 55 milites convenirent, 
legatis respondit se diem sumpturum. Legatis respondit : si quid 
vellent 68 , ad Idus Apriles reverterentur 70 . 

Chapter 7 of Caesar 

Caesari cum id nuntiatum esset, eos per provinciam nostram iter 
facere conari, maturat ab urbe proficisci, et, quam maximis potest 
itineribus, in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et ad Genavam pervenit. 
Provinciae toti quam maximum potest militum numerum imperat 
(erat omnino in Gallia ulteriore legio una); pontem, qui erat ad Gena- 
vam, jubet rescindi. Ubi de ejus adventu Helvetii certiores facti 
sunt, legatos ad eum mittunt, nobilissimos civitatis, cujus legationis 
Nammeius et Verudoctius principem locum obtinebant, qui dicerent, 
sibi esse in animo sine ullo maleficio iter per provinciam facere, 
propterea quod aliud iter haberent nullum ; rogare, ut ejus voluntate 
id sibi facere liceat. Caesar, quod memoria tenebat Lucium Cassium 



THE BEGINNERS CAESAE 9 

consulem occisum, exercitumque ejus ab Helvetiis pulsum et sub 
jugum missum, concedendum non putabat ; neque homines inimico 
animo, data facultate per provinciam itineris faciundi, temperaturos 
ab injuria et maleficio existimabat. Taruen, ut spatium intercedere 
posset, dum milites, quos imperaverat, convenirent, legatis respondit 
diem se ad deliberandum sumpturum ; si quid vellent, ad Idus Apriles 
reverterentur. 

8. CAESAR'S FORTIFICATIONS 
TNTEREA, a lacu Lemanno ad montem Juram, murum fossamque 
perducit. Ea legione, quam secum habebat, militibusque qui ex 
provincia convenerant, murum fossamque perducit. A lacu Lemanno, 
qui in fiumen Rhodanum influit, ad montem Juram, qui fines Sequan- 
orum ab Helvetiis dividit, murum fossamque perducit. Murum 
fossamque, milia 23 passuum XVIIII in longitudinem, perducit. Mur- 
um fossamque, in altitudinem pedum 2 sedecim, perducit. Eo opere 
perfecto, praesidia disponit et castella communit, quo 78 facilius Hel- 
vetios prohibere possit. Caesar castella communit, quo facilius, si 
se 43 invito transire conarentur, prohibere possit. 

Being refused they now try force 

Ubi ea dies, quam constituerat cum legatis, venit, negat se posse 
iter ulli dare. 

Ubi ea dies venit et legati ad eum reverterunt, negat se posse iter per 
provinciam dare. Si vim facere conentur 68 , se eos prohibiturum esse 
ostendit. Negat se, more 38 et exemplo populi Romani, posse iter ulli 
per provinciam dare. Helvetii, ea spe dejecti, si perrumpere pos- 
sent 56 , conati sunt. Navibus junctis ratibusque compluribus factis, 
Helvetii conati sunt si perrumpere possent. Alii vadis 32 Rhodani, 
qua minima altitudo fluminis erat, nonnunquam interdiu, saepius 
noctu, si perrumpere possent, conati sunt. Helvetii, operis munitione 
et militum concursu et telis repulsi, hoc conatu destiterunt. 

Chapter 8 of Caesar's text 

Interea ea legione, quam secum habebat, militibusque, qui ex pro- 
vincia convenerant, a lacu Lemanno, qui in fiumen Rhodanum influit, 



10 THE BEGINNEWS CAESAB 

ad montem Juram, qui fines Sequanorum ab Helvetiis dividit, milia 
passuum decern novem inurum, in altitudinem pedum sedecim, fos- 
samque perducit. Eo opere perfecto praesidia disponit, castella com- 
munit, quo facilius, si se invito transire conarentur, prohibere posset. 
Ubi ea dies, quam constituerat cum legatis, venit, et legati ad eum 
reverterunt, negat, se more et exemplo populi Romani posse iter ulli 
per provinciam dare, et si vim facere conentur, prohibiturum os- 
tendit. Helvetii, ea spe dejecti, navibus junctis ratibusque complu- 
ribus factis, alii vadis Rhodani, qua minima altitudo numinis erat, 
nonnunquam interdiu, saepius noctu, si perrumpere possent, conati, 
operis munitione et militum concursu et telis repulsi, hoc conatu 
destiterunt. 

9. ACROSS THE SEQUANIAN COUNTRY 

TDELINQUEBATUR una via per Sequanos, qua, Sequanis invitis, 
^ propter angustias non poterant ire. Cum Helvetii, sua sponte, 
his persuadere non possent 51 , legatos ad Dumnorigem Aeduum mit- 
tunt. Legatos ad Dumnorigem mittunt, ut, eo deprecatore, a Sequanis 
impetrarent. Dumnorix, gratia 29 et largitione, apud Sequanos pluri- 
mum poterat. Helvetiis 19 erat amicus quod ex ea civitate filiam 
Orgetorigis in matrimonium duxerat. Cupidibate regni adductus, 
novis rebus 12 studebat. Quam 73 plurimas civitates suo beneficio 
obstrictas habere volebat. Itaque rem suscipit et a Sequanis impetrat 
ut per fines suos Helvetios ire patiantur. Perficit ut inter sese ob- 
sides dent. Sequani obsides dant ne 48 itinere Helvetios prohibeant. 
Helvetii, ut sine maleficio et injuria transeant. 

10. REPORTED DESTINATION OF THE HELVETII 

fTAESARI 11 renuntiatur, Helvetiis esse in animo per agrum Sequan- 
orum et Aeduorum iter in fines Santonum facere. San tones non 
longe a finibus Tolosatium absunt, quae civitas est in provincia. 

Reason for Caesar's opposition 

Si id fieret 68 , Caesar intellegebat cum magno periculo futurum esse ut 
provincia homines bellicosos finitimos haberet. Intellegebat magno 



THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 11 

cum periculo provinciae futurum esse ut homines bellicosos, populi 1 
Romani inimicos, locis 39 patentibus maximeque frumentariis finitimos 
haberet. Ob eas causas, ei munitioni 13 , quam fecerat, Titum Labien- 
um legatum 79 praefecit. Ipse in Italiam magnis itineribus contendit. 
Ibi duas legiones conscribit et tres, quae circum Aquileiam heima- 
bant, ex hibernis educit. Qua proximum iter in ulteriorem Galliam 
per Alpes erat, cum his quinque legionibus ire contendit. 
The Alpine tribes vainly block his way 
Ibi Centrones et Graioceli et Caturiges, locis superioribus occupatis, 
exercitum itinere prohibere conantur. His compluribus proeliis 
pulsis, ab Ocelo in fines Vocontiorum die septimo pervenit. Ocelum 
est citerioris provinciae oppidum extremum. Vocontii sunt ulterioris 
provinciae. Inde in fines Allobrogum, ab Allobrogibus in Segusiavos 
exercitum ducit. Hi sunt extra provinciam trans Rhodanum primi. 

11. INFERIOR GALLIC TRIBES SEEK AID OF CAESAR 

T^ELVETII jam per angustias et fines Sequanorum suas copias tra- 
» duxerant. In fines Aeduorum pervenerant, eorumque agros 
populabantur. Aedui, cum se suaque ab iis defendere non possent, 
legatos ad Caesarem mittunt. Legatos mittunt rogatum 71 auxilium. 
Legati dicunt : Se 66 ita meritos esse ut agri vastari non debuerint. 
Ita se omni tempore meritos esse ut liberi Aeduorum in servitutem 
abduci non debuerint. Ita se de populo Romano meritos esse, ut 
paene in conspectu exercitus nostri oppida eorum expugnari non debu- 
erint. Eodem tempore Ambarri, necessarii et consanguinei Aeduorum, 
Caesarem certiorem faciunt : sese vim hostium non facile prohibere. 
Ambarri dicunt : sese, depopulatis agris, non facile ab oppidis vim 
hostium prohibere. Item Allobroges, qui trans Rhodanum vicos 
possessionesque habebant, fuga 32 se ad Caesarem recipiunt. Demon- 
strant : sibi, praeter agri 6 solum, nihil esse reliqui 5 . Quibus rebus 
adductus, Caesar non exspectandum esse sibi 16 statuit, dum Helvetii 
in fines Santonum pervenirent 55 . Statuit sibi non exspectandum, 
dum, omnibus fortunis sociorum consumptis, in Santones Helvetii 
pervenirent. 



12 THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 

12. THE CROSSING OF THE SOANE (ARAR) 

THLUMEN est Arar, quod per fines Aeduorum et Sequanorum in 
Rhodanum infiuit. Arar incredibili 34 lenitate ita fluit ut, oculis 
in utram partem fluat 56 , judicari non possit. Id Helvetii, ratibus ac 
lintribus junctis, transibant. Caesar certior factus est, Helvetios 
tres 22 partes copiarum id flumen 22 traduxisse. Per exploratores 
Caesar certior factus est, quartern fere partem citra flumen Ararim 
reliquam esse. De tertia vigilia cum legionibus tribus e castris pro- 
fectus, ad earn partem pervenit, quae nondum flumen transierat. 
The first contact at arms 
Eos impeditos et inopinantes aggressus, magnam partem eorum 
concidit. Reliqui sese fugae mandarunt (mandaverunt) atque in 
proximas silvas abdiderunt. Is pagus appeHabatur Tigurinus : nam 
omnis civitas Helvetia in quattuor pagos divisa est. Hie pagus unus 
L. Cassium consulem interfecerat et ejus exercitum sub jugum 
miserat. Cassium, cum domo exisset patrum nostrorum memoria 41 , 
Tigurini interfecerant. 

Significance of the fate of the Tigurini 

Ita, pars civitatis Helvetiae, quae insignem calamitatem populo Ro- 
mano 13 intulerat, princeps poenas persolvit. Ita sive casu sive con- 
silio 38 deorum immortalium, quae pars civitatis Helvetiae insignem 
calamitatem populo Romano intulerat, ea princeps poenas persolvit. 
Qua in re (quare) Caesar non solum publicas sed etiam privatas in- 
jurias ultus est. Privatas injurias ultus est quod Tigurini L. Pisonem 
legatum proelio interfecerant. Eodem proelio, quo Cassium, Pisonem 
interfecerant. L. Piso legatus avus erat Pisonis, Caesaris 1 soceri 79 . 
Qua in re Caesar non solum publicas sed etiam privatas injurias ultus 
est, quod ejus soceri L. Pisonis avum, L. Pisonem legatum, Tigurini 
eodem proelio, quo Cassium, interfecerant. 

13. ACROSS THE SOANE 

T^OC proelio facto, Caesar pontem in Arare faciendum 71 curat. Ita 

» exercitum traducit ut reliquas copias Helvetiorum consequi 

posset. Helvetii repentino ejus adventu commoti sunt, cum id, quod 



THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 13 

ipsi diebus 42 XX aegerrime confecerant, Caesarem uno die fecisse in- 
tellegerent 51 . Legatos ad eum mittunt, cujus legationis Divico prin- 
ceps fuit. Is bello Cassiano dux Helvetiorum fuerat. 

Divico's speech 

Is ita cum Caesare egit : Si populus Romanus pacem cum Helvetiis 
faceret, Helvetios in earn partem ituros esse atque ibi futuros, ubi 
Caesar eos constituisset atque esse voluisset. Sin Caesar eos bello 
persequi perseveraret, reminisceretur 70 veteris 8 incommodi populi 
Romani. Reminisceretur pristinae virtutis Helvetiorum. Quod im- 
proviso unum pagum adortus esset, cum ii, qui flumen transissent, 
suis auxilium ferre non possent, ne virtuti populi Romani tribueret. 
Quod unum pagum adortus esset, ne ob earn rem aut suae magnopere 
virtuti tribueret aut Helvetios ipsos despiceret. Se ita a patribus 
didicisse, ut virtute contenderent. Se ita a patribus majoribusque 
suis didicisse, ut magis virtute contenderent quam dolo aut insidiis 32 
niterentur. Quare, ne committeret ut is locus, ex calamitate populi 
Romani nomen caperet. 49 Ne committeret ut is locus, ubi constitis- 
sent, ex internecione exercitus Romani nomen caperet, aut memor- 
iam proderet. 

14. CAESAR'S REPLY 

Tc^IS Caesar ita respondit : Eo 29 sibi minus dubitationis 5 dari, quod 
eas res memoria teneret. Se eas res, quas legati Helvetii com- 
memorassent, eo gravius ferre quo 81 minus merito 88 populi Romani 
accidissent. Si populus Romanus alicujus injuriae 7 sibi 18 conscius 
fuisset, non fuisse difficile cavere. Sed populum Romanum eo decep- 
tum esse, quod aliquid a se commissum esse non intellegeret, quare 
timeret. Eo deceptum, quod sine causa sibi 16 timendum esse non 
putaret. Quod si veteris contumeliae 8 oblivisci vellet, num etiam 
memoriam recentium injuriarum deponere posse ? Num etiam re- 
centium injuriarum, — quod, eo invito, Helvetii iter per provinciam 
per vim temptassent, quod Aeduos et Ambarros et Allobrogas vexas- 
sent— memoriam deponere posse ? Quod Helvetii sua victoria tarn 



14 THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 

insolent er gioriarentur, quodque tarn diu se impune injurias tulisse 
admirarentur, eodem pertinere. Consuesse enim deos immortales 
his, quos ulcisci velint, secundiores res et diuturniorem impunitatem 
concedere. Quo 78 gravius homines ex commutatione rerum doleant, 
deos immortales his, quos pro scelere eorum ulcisci velint, secundiores 
interdum res concedere. 

Caesar's terms of peace 

Cum ea ita sint 52 , tamen, sese cum Helvetiis pacem facturum esse. 
Si obsides ab iis sibi dentur, et si Aeduis 13 de injuriis, satisfaciant, 
item si Allobrogibus satisfaciant, sese cum Helvetiis pacem esse 
facturum. Si obsides ab iis sibi dentur, ut ea, quae polliceantur, 
Helvetios facturos esse intellegat, Caesarem cum iis pacem esse fac- 
turum. Si Helvetii Aeduis de injuriis, quas ipsis sociisque eorum in- 
tulerint, satisfaciant, sese cum iis pacem esse facturum. 

Divico's retort 

Divico respondit : Helvetios a majoribus suis ita institutos esse, ut 
obsides accipere, non dare consuerint. Ejus rei 4 populum Romanum 
esse testem. Hoc responso dato, discessit. 

15. BOTH ARMIES ADVANCE 

IDOSTERO die castra ex eo loco movent. Idem facit Caesar. Equi- 
tatum omnem, ad numerum quattuor milium, praemittit, qui 48 
videant, quas in partes hostes iter faciant 56 . Equitatum omnem, 
quern ex omni provincia et Aeduis atque eorum sociis coactum habe- 
bat, praemittit. 

Caesar meets a slight reverse 

Qui, novissimum agmen cupidius insecuti, alieno loco cum equitatu 
Helvetiorum proelium committunt. Pauci de nostris cadunt. Quo 
proelio sublati sunt Helvetii, quod quingentis equitibus tantam mul- 
titudinem equitum propulerant. Helvetii, eo proelio sublati, audacius 
subsistere nonnunquam et novissimo agmine proelio nostros lacessere 



THE BEGINNERS CAESAE 15 

coeperunt. Caesar suos a proelio continebat ac satis habebat in prae- 
sentia hostem rapinis, pabulationibus populationibusque prohibere. 
Ita dies 23 circiter quindeeim iter fecerunt, ut inter novissimum agmen 
hostium et nostrum primum non amplius 31 quinis aut senis milibus 
passuum interesset. 

16. LACK OF SUPPLIES 

TNTERIM cotidie Caesar Aeduos 21 frumentum, quod publice polliciti 
essent, flagitare 72 . Nam, propter frigora, non modo frumenta in 
agris matura non erant, sed ne pabuli quidem satis magna copia sup- 
petebat. Propter frigora, quod Gallia sub septentrionibus, ut ante 
dictum est, posita est, satis magna copia pabuli non suppetebat. Eo 
autem frumento 35 , quod numine Arare navibus subvexerat, uti minus 
poterat, propterea quod Helvetii iter ab Arare averterant, a quibus 
discedere nolebat. Diem ex die ducere Aedui. Frumentum conferri, 
comportari, adesse dicere Aedui. 

Caesar censures the Aedui 

Ubi se diutius duci intellexit et diem instare, quo die frumentum 
militibus metiri oporteret, principibus eorum convocatis, graviter 
eos accusat. Principum Aeduorum magnam copiam in castris habe- 
bat, in his Divitiaco et Lisco. Liscus summo magistratui praeerat, 
quern Aedui vergobretum appellant, qui creatur annuus et vitae ne- 
cisque in suos potestatem habet. Caesar principes graviter accusat, 
quod, cum frumentum neque emi neque ex agris sumi posset, tarn 
necessario tempore, tarn propinquis hostibus, ab iis non sublevetur. 5 * 
Multo etiam gravius queritur, praesertim cum, eorum precibus ad- 
ductus, bellum susceperit. Eos accusat, quod sit destitutus. 

Chapter 16 of Caesar's text 

Interim quotidie Caesar Aeduos frumentum, quod essent publice 
polliciti, flagitare ; nam propter frigora, quod Gallia sub septemtri- 
onibus, ut ante dictum est, posita est, non modo frumenta in agris 
matura non erant, sed ne pabuli quidem satis magna copia suppete- 



16 THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 

bat ; eo autem frumento, quod flumine Arare navibus subvexerat, 
propterea minus uti poterat, quod iter ab Arare Helvetii averterant, 
a quibus discedere nolebat. Diem ex die ducere Aedui ; conferri, 
comportari, adesse dicere. Ubi se diutius duci intellexit et diem in- 
stare, quo die frumentum militibus metiri oporteret, convocatis 
eorum principibus, quorum magnam copiam in castris habebat, in 
his Divitiaco et Lisco, qui summo magistratui praeerat (quern Vergo- 
bretum appellant Aedui, qui creatur annuus, et vitae necisque in 
suos habet potestatem), graviter eos accusat, quod, cum neque emi 
neque ex agris sumi posset, tarn necessario tempore, tarn propinquis 
hostibus, ab iis non sublevetur ; praesertim cum magna ex parte 
eorum precibus adductus bellum susceperit, multo etiam gravius, 
quod sit destitutus, queritur. 

Chapter 17 of Caesar's text 

Turn demum Liscus oratione Caesaris adductus, quod antea tacue- 
rat, proponit : Esse nonnullos, quorum auctoritas apud plebem piuri- 
mum valeat, qui privatim plus possint, quam ipsi magistratus. Hos 
seditiosa atque improba oratione multitudinem deterrere, ne fru- 
mentum conferant, quod debeant. Praestare, si jam principatum 
Galliae obtinere non possint, Gallorum quam Romanorum imperia 
praeferre, neque dubitare quin, si Helvetios superaverint Ro- 
mani, una cum reliqua Gallia Aeduis libertatem sint erepturi. 
Ab iisdem nostra consilia, quaeque in castris gerantur, hostibus enun- 
tiari ; hos a se coerceri non posse. Quin etiam, quod necessario rem 
coactus Caesari enuntiarit, intellegere sese, quanto id cum periculo 
fecerit, et ob earn causam, quam diu potuerit, tacuisse. 

17. IN DIRECT DISCOURSE FOR PURPOSE OF COMPARISON 

Liscus' own words to Caesar 

' ' Sunt nonnulli quorum auctoritas valeat, qui privatim plus possint 50 
quam ipsi magistratus. Hi multitudinem deterrent ne frumentum 
conferant 48 quod debent. Praestat, si jam principatum obtinere non 



THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 17 

possunt, Gallorum imperia perferre ; neque dubitant quin 80 , si Helvetios 
superaverint Rornani, libertatem sint erepturi. Ab eisdem vestra 
consilia quaeque in castris gerantur hostibus enuntiantur ; hi a me 
coerceri non possunt. Quin etiam, quod necessario coactus tibi enun- 
tiavi, intellego quanto id cum periculo fecerim, et ob earn causam quam 
diu potui tacui. ' ' 

18. THE PRIVATE CONFERENCE WITH LISCUS 

Caesar hac oratione Lisci Dumnorigem, Divitiaci fratrem, design- 
ari sentiebat ; sed, quod pluribus praesentibus eas res jactari nolebat, 
celeriter concilium dimittit, Liscum retinet ; quaerit ex solo ea, quae 
in conventu dixerat. Dicit liberius atque audacius. 

The influence of Dumnorix 

Eadem secreto ab aliis quaerit ; reperit esse vera : Ipsum esse 
Dumnorigem, summa audacia, magna apud plebem propter liberali- 
tatem gratia, cupidum rerum novarum. 

His character 

Complures annos portoria reliquaque omnia Aeduorum vectigalia 
parvo pretio redempta habere, propterea quod, illo licente, contra 
liceri audeat nemo. His rebus et suam rem familiarem auxisse et 
facultates ad largiendum magnas comparasse ; magnum numerum 
equitatus suo sumptu semper alere et circum se habere ; neque solum 
domi, sed etiam apud finitimas civitates largiter posse, atque hujus 
potentiae causa matrem in Biturigibus homini illic Eobilissimo ac 
potentissimo collocasse ; ipsum ex Helvetiis uxorem habere, sororem 
ex matre et propinquas suas nuptum in alias civitates collocasse. 

His policy 

Favere et cupere Helvetiis propter earn affinitatem, odisse etiam 
suo nomine Caesarem et Romanos, quod eorum adventu potentia ejus 
deminuta, et Divitiacus frater in antiquum locum gratiae atque 
honoris sit restitutus. Si quid accidat Romanis, summam in spem 



18 THE BEGINNERS CAESAE 

per Helvetios regni obtinendi venire ; imperio populi Romani non 
modo de regno, sed etiam de ea, quam habeat, gratia desperare. 
Reperiebat etiam in quaerendo Caesar, quod proelium equestre ad- 
versum paucis ante diebus esset factum, initium ejus fugae factum a 
Dumnorige atque ejus equitibus (nam equitatui, quern auxilio Caesari 
Aedui miserant, Dumnorix praeerat) ; eorum fuga reliquum esse 
equitatum perterritum. 

19. FACTS AND SUSPICIONS WEIGH AGAINST THE AEDUAN 

flAGNATE 

Quibus rebus cognitis, cum ad has suspiciones certissimae res ac- 
cederent, quod per fines Sequanorum Helvetios transduxisset, quod 
obsides inter eos dandos curasset, quod ea omnia, non modo injussu 
suo et civitatis, sed etiam inscientibus ipsis, fecisset, quod a magis- 
tratu Aeduorum accusaretur, satis esse causae arbitrabatur, quare 
in eum aut ipse animadverteret, aut civitateum animadvertere 
juberet. 

The opposing force of Divitiacus' loyalty 

His omnibus rebus unum repugnabat, quod Divitiaci fratris sum- 
mum in populum Romanum studium, summam in se voluntatem, 
egregiam fidem, justitiam, temperantiam cognoverat ; nam ne ejus 
supplicio Divitiaci animum offenderet verebatur. 

Caesar talks with the good brother 

Itaque priusquam quid quam conaretur, Divitiacum ad se vocari 
jubet et, quotidianis interpretibus remotis, per Gaium Valerium 
Procillum, principem Galliae provinciae, familiarem suum, cui sum- 
mam omnium rerum fidem habebat, cum eo colloquitur ; simul com- 
monefacit, quae ipso praesente in concilio Gallorum de Dumnorige 
sint dicta, et ostendit, quae separatim quisque de eo apud se dixerit. 
Petit atque hortatur, ut sine ejus offensione animi vel ipse de eo, 
causa cognita, statuat vel civitatem statuere jubeat. 



THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 19 

20. THE PLEA OF DIVITIACUS 

Divitiacus multis cum lacrimis Caesarem complexus obsecrare 
coepit, ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret : Scire se ilia esse vera, 
nee quemquam ex eo plus quam se doloris capere, propterea quod, 
cum ipse gratia plurimum domi atque in reliqua Gallia, ille minimum 
propter adolescentiam posset, per se crevisset ; quibus opibus ac 
nervis non solum ad minuendam gratiam, sed paene ad perniciem 
suam uteretur ; sese tamen et amore fraterno et existimatione vulgi 
commoveri. Quod si quid ei a Caesare gravius accidisset, cum ipse 
eum locum amicitiae apud eum teneret, neminem existimaturum, 
non sua voluntate factum ; qua ex re futurum, uti totius Galliae 
animi a se averterentur. 

Dumnorix is spared but placed under guard 

Haec cum pluribus verbis flens a Caesare peteret, Caesar ejus dex- 
tram prendit ; consolatus rogat, finem orandi faciat ; tanti ejus apud 
se gratiam esse ostendit, ut et rei publicae injuriam et suum dolorem 
ejus voluntati ac precibus condonit. Dumnorigem ad se vocat, fra- 
trem adhibet ; quae in eo reprehendat, ostendit ; quae ipse intellegat, 
quae civitas queratur, proponit ; monet, ut in reliquum tempus omnes 
suspiciones vitet ; praeterita se Divitiaco fratri condonare dicit. 
Dumnorigi custodes ponet, ut, quae agat, quibuscum loquatur, scire 
possit. 



CONCLUSION 

The residue of Caesar's account of the Helvetian war may be brief- 
ly summarized. After the incident last recorded, he follows the 
enemy for several days but owing to natural obstructions he cannot 
gain an advantageous position to check the onward movement. At 
length lack of food compels him to turn aside to a city westward. 
The Helvetii mistake this movement for signs of weakening or fear. 



20 THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 

and in turn become the pursuers, much to Caesar's unexpected ad- 
vantage. The change precipitates a battle in which he defeats them 
with such loss as to preclude further resistance. "The remnant of 
the once proud and mighty host sadly returned to its mountain home. 



Supplementary reading on the Bellum Helveticum 

Froude's Caesar, pp. 214-231. 

Fowler's Julius Caesar, Chap. 8. 

Guizot's History of France, Vol. I, pp. 47-51. 

Merivale's History of Rome, Vol. I, pp. 237-262. 

Mommsen's History of Rome, Vol. IV, pp. 289-295. 

Napoleon's Caesar, Vol. II, Ch. 3. 

Plutarch's Lives, Caesar. 

Trollope's Caesar's Commentaries, Chap. 2. 



AN OPEN LETTER 



To the Boys and Girls : 

It is the cherished hope of the author that by this time you have 
begun to take a measure of interest and pleasure in your Latin. It is 
still, to be sure, no play, but the effort, I trust, has ceased to tax and 
annoy as at first and just enough labor remains to make it helpful 
and profitable. 

But, with the rough places made smooth and the thick and tangled 
undergrowth cut quite away to begin with, I feel that you have now 
gained a vantage-ground whence you have but to look about you to 
see that it is but an easy step to your next work — the regular reading 
of the Commentaries. Nay, it is but a resumption and continuation 
of the course you have been following the few weeks past. 

Moreover, I seem to believe that you have even now read enough 
of this military history to form some estimate of the style and merit 
of Caesar as a writer, and can agree with the consensus of opinion of 
savants in all ages and nations which assigns him a place among the 
" Immortals." 

But as to Caesar, the man — the student of language, the orator, the 
politician and statesman, and above all the greatest factor perhaps 
in the spread of Roman arms and civilization — testimony of all this 
lies yet before you in the writings of his contemporaries and the re- 
searches of modern classicists. 

Hear what some of them say of him : 

"The greatest name in history." — Merivale. 

" The foremost man of all the world. "Shakespeare. 

1 ' Great Julius, whom all the world admires. ' ' — Milton. 



22 THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 

May you thus be moved to know more of him, and in consequence 
enter further into classical study until coming under the influence of 
Sallust, Ovid, Cicero and Virgil you may be led happily to the end. 

Sallust portrays vividly the historical background before which the 
action of the chief theme in Cicero's discourse takes place. 

Ovid is a sweet-voiced singer and a smooth and facile story-teller. 

Cicero is one of the few great orators in human history. 

And of Virgil our own Tennyson has said that he was the 

" Wielder of the stateliest verse ever molded by the lips of man." 

A most notable assemblage is this of the ablest representatives of 
that wonderful age, from a close communion with which the world 
to-day has drawn the highest elements of its civilization. And what 
it has done for a people or an age has been perforce through the in- 
dividual. 

Are they worthy of your study ? 

With best wishes, 

THE AUTHOR. 



RULES OF SYNTAX 



. Of cases 

The Genitive 

A. With nouns — 

1. To denote origin, possession and material. 

2. With accompanying adjective to denote quality, and measure 
(space, quantity, value). 

3. Subjective genitive denotes the person who makes or produces 
something or who has a feeling. 

4. Objective genitive denotes the object of an action or feeling. 

5. Partitive genitive denotes that of which a part is taken. 

6. Appositional genitive has force of an appositive. See rule 79. 

B. With adjectives — 

7. To denote the object of reference. Thus, with adjectives mean- 
ing desire, knowledge, memory, fullness, power, sharing, guilt 
and their opposites. 

C. With verbs— 

8. Of remembering, forgetting and reminding. 

9. Of accusing, convicting and acquitting to denote the charge. 
The ablative expresses penalty. 

10. Of emotion to denote the person toward whom the feeling is 
directed. This rule includes pudet, paenitet, miseret, taedet, 
piget, and misereor and miseresco. 

The Dative 

11. The commonest use is that of the indirect object after both 
transitive and intransitive verbs to denote the person to whom 
something is given, said or done. 



24 THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 

12. With verbs meaning to favor, help, please, trust and their 
contraries ; also, to believe, persuade, command, obey, serve, re- 
sist, envy, threaten, pardon and spare. 

13. With verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, 
post, prae, pro, sub and super. 

14. Verbs which govern the dative can be used in the passive 
voice only impersonally, the dative remaining unchanged. 

15. With esse to denote possession. 

16. With the gerundive to denote the agent. 

17. To denote the purpose or end of an action or state. 

18. Of reference, to denote the person to whom a statement refers, 
of whom it is true, or to whom it is of interest. This includes 
the Ethical dative. 

19. With adjectives meaning friendly, unfriendly, similar, dis- 
similar, equal, near, related to, suitable, adapted to, etc. 

The Accusative 

20. Many verbs of making, choosing, calling, showing, and the 
like, admit two accusatives of the same person or thing. 

21. Some verbs of asking, demanding, teaching, concealing, etc., 
admit two accusatives — one of the person, the other of the thing. 

22. Transitive compounds of trans take two accusatives, one de- 
pendent upon the verb, the other upon the preposition. 

23. Duration of time and extent of space. 

24. In exclamation. Ex., O fallacem spem ! 

25. Limit of motion, usually with a preposition. Without a prep- 
osition as follows : 

a. With names of towns, small islands, peninsulas. 

b. With domum, domos, rus. 

26. As subject of the infinitive. 

The Ablative 

27. Usually without a preposition to express separation. 

28. With participles denoting birth to express source. 



THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 25 

29. To express cause. 

30. With passive voice and a or ab, to denote the personal agent. 

31. With comparatives without quam to express than. 

32. To denote means or instrument. 

33. With cum to denote accompaniment. 

34. With cum to denote manner. Preposition may be omitted if 
ablative is modified by an adjective. 

35. With utor, fruor, fungor, potior, and vescor. This ablative 
is a kind of means. 

36. With accompanying adjective to denote quality. 

37. To denote definite price. 

38. Of specification to denote that in respect to which or in ac- 
cordance with which anything is done or mentioned. 

39. Usually with a preposition to denote place where. 

40. Usually with a preposition to denote from which. 

41. To denote time at which. 

42. To denote time within which. 

43. The ablative absolute, consisting commonly of a noun or pro- 
noun and a participle, to define the time or circumstance of an 
action. 

Degree of difference, see rule 81. 

II. Of moods 

!n independent sentences 

44. The subjunctive expresses exhortation, concession or command, 
called ' ' hortatory. ' ' 

45. The potential subjunctive expresses possibility. 

46. The optative subjunctive expresses desire. 

47. The dubitative subjunctive expresses doubt or deliberation. 

In dependent clauses 
Subjunctive 

48. After relatives and ut or ne to express purpose. 

49. After relatives and ut or ut non to express result. 



26 THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 

50. After relatives to indicate a characteristic of the antecedent. 

51. After cum to denote cause. 

52. After cum to denote concession. 

53. After cum (in the Imperfect or Pluperfect tenses) to denote 
the situation or circumstances under which something happens. 
This is cum relative time. 

54. After quod, quia, quoniam, to denote view of another person. 
A kind of indirect discourse. 

55. After dum, donee, quoad to express purpose, doubt or futur- 
ity. Otherwise, the indicative is used. 

56. To exprese an indirect question. 

Special functions of the indicative 

57. With cum temporal, referring to present or future. 

58. With cum temporal, referring to past to denote point of time 
at which something occurs. 

59. After postquam, ut, ubi, cum primum, simul, simul ac or 
atque. 

60. After quod, quia, quoniam, quando to express the view of the 
writer or speaker. 

Moods in conditional sentences 

61. Simple condition, nothing implied as to truth or fulfilment of 
the condition : both clauses indicative. 

62. More vivid future, condition regarded as actually about to oc- 
cur : both clauses future indicative. 

63. Less vivid future, condition not probable : both clauses present 
subjunctive. 

64. Present contrary to fact, condition known to be false : both 
clauses imperfect subjunctive. 

65. Past contrary to fact, both clauses pluperfect subjunctive. 

Indirect discourse 

66. This is the expression of another's thoughts without regard 
for the original words. 



III. 



THE BEGINNEB'S CAESAB 27 

67. The principal verb becomes infinitive with its subject in the 
accusative. 

68. Subordinate clauses are regularly subjunctive. 

69. Real questions become subjunctive. 

70. The imperative becomes subjunctive. 

nisceilaneous 

71. Beside rule 48 we have other constructions to express pur- 
pose : 

a. Ad with gerundive. 

b. Causa or gratia with the gerund. 

c. Causa with the gerundive. 

d. Supine in um with accusative object. 

e. The gerundive after certain verbs, meaning to 

care for, give, etc. 

72. The infinitive is sometimes used in historical narrative instead 
of the imperfect. Its subject is in the nominative. 

73. The superlative of eminence denotes a very high degree of a 
quality without distinct comparison. With quam or vel it denotes 
the highest degree. 

74. The complimentary infinitive denotes another action of the 
same subject and completes the meaning of the main verb. 

75. The latter supine (in -u) is used with adjectives, with force of 
an ablative of specification. 

76. The infinitive is commonly used both as subject and object. 

77. The preposition ad is often used in ideas of place and number 
to mean "about," "near." 

78. With comparatives, quo is regularly used to introduce clauses 
of purpose. 

79. An appositive noun is one which explains or defines another 
noun denoting the same person or thing. It agrees with its noun 
in case. 



28 THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 

80. Quin introduces a clause of result after general negatives ; 
also after negative clauses of hindrance, resistance, doubt and 
suspension of effort. 

81. Ablative of degree of difference is used with comparatives and 
words denoting comparison to measure or express existing dif- 
ference. 



VOCABULARY 



This vocabulary contains all words found in the first twenty chap- 
ter of the Commentaries, excepting proper names. 



a, ab, from, by. 

abdo, -dere, -didi, -ditus, withdraw, 

bide. 
abduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus, lead 

away. 
absum, -esse, afui, afuturus,to be away 

from. 

ac, atque, and. 

accedo, -ere, -essi,-essum, to approach, 
to be added. 

acceptus, -a, -um, agreeable to. 

accido, -ere, -cidi, to happen. 

accipio, -ere, accepi, acceptus, to ac- 
cept. 

accuso, I conj. like amo, to blame. 

ad, to, towards, near, about (numerals), 
at (time). 

adduco, adducere, -duxi, -ductus, to 
lead. 

adhibeo, -hibere, -hibui, -hibitum, to 
summon, use. 

admiror, admirari, admiratus sum, 
to wonder at. 

adorior, -oriri, -ortus sum, to attack, 
begin. 

adscisco, -sciscere, -scivi, -scitus, to 
admit, join. 

adsum, -esse, -affui, to be present. 

adulescentia, -ae, f , youth. 

adventus, -us, m, arrival. 

adversus, -a, -um, opposite, unfavor- 
able. 

aedificium, -i, n, building. 



Aeduus, -a, -um, of the Aedui ; plural, 
the Aedui. 

aegerrime, with the greatest difficulty. 

afficio, afficere, affeci, affectum, to 
treat, affect. 

amnitas, -tatis, f, relationship. 

ager, agri, m. land. 

aggredior, aggredi, agressus sum, to 
approach, attack. 

agmen, agminis, n. line of march ; see 
novus. 

ago, agere, egi, actum, move forward, 
treat, speak, render. 

alienus, -a, -um, of another, strange, 
unfavorable. 

aliquis, -quae, -quid, someone, any, 
anything. 

alius, -a, -ud, another, other, one . . 
. . another. 

Allobroges, -um, a powerful people of 
Gaul. 

alo, alere, alui, alitus, to nourish, fos- 
ter. 

Alpes, -ium, f . the Alps mountains. 

alter, altera, alterum, the other, th e 
one .... the other. 

altitudo, -inis, f . height, depth. 

altus, -a, -um. high, deep. 

amicitia, -ae, f. friendship. 

amicus, -i, m. friend. 

amor, -oris, m. love. 

amplius, more, farther. 

angustiae, -arum, f. narrow pass, per- 
plexity. 

angustus, -a, -um, narrow. 



30 



THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 



animadverto, -ere, -ti, -sus, to notice, 
to punish. 

animus, -i, m. soul, mind, courage. 

annus, -i, m. year. 

annuus, -a, -um, yearly. 

ante, "before. 

antea, adv., formerly. 

antiquus, -a, -um, old. 

appeilo, I conj., to call, name. 

apud, among, at the house of. 

arbitror, I conj., to think, believe. 

arma, -orum, n., arms. 

attingo, attingere, attigi, attactus, 
to touch, to reach. 

auctoritas, -tatis, f, authority, influ- 
ence. 

audacia, -ae, f. daring, effrontery. 

audacter, "boldly. 

audeo, audere, ausus sum, to dare. 

augeo, -ere, auxi, auctus, to increase. 

aut .... aut, either .... or. 

autem, "but, now, moreover. 

auxilium, -i, n., help; plural, auxiliary 
troops. 

averto, -ere, averti, aversus, to turn 
away. 

avus, -i, m. grandfather. 



bellicosus, -a, -um, warlike. 
bello, I conj, to carry on war. 
bellum, -i, n,, war. 
beneiicium, -i, n., favor. 
biennium, -i, n., two years. 
bonus, -a, -um, good; cp. melior, sup., 
optimus. 



cado, cadere, cecidi, casus, 3, to fall, 

die. 
calamitas, -tatis, f., misfortune. 
capio, capere, cepi, captus, 3, to take. 
carrus, -i, m. and n., cart. 
Cassianus, -a, -um, of Cassius. 
castellum, -i, n., fortress. 
castra, -orum, n., camp. 
casus, -us, m., chance. 
causa, -ae, f., cause. 



caveo, cavere, cavi, cautus, 2, fro be on 
one's guard. 

celeriter, quickly. 

centum, one hundred. 

certus, -a, -um, certain. 

certiorem facere, to inform. 

cibaria, -orum, n., provisions, ground 
corn. 

circiter, about. 

circum, around, near. 

citerior, -ius, nearer, hither. 

citra, this side. 

civitas, -tatis, f, state; citizenship. 

cliens, clientis, c, vassal. 

coemo, coemere, coemi, coemptus, 3, 
to buy. 

coepi, coepisse, coeptus, to begin, un- 
dertake. 

coerceo, coercere, coercui, coercitus, 

2, to check. 

cognosco, cognoscere, eognovi, cog- 
nitus, 3, to find out. 

cogo, cogere, coegi, coactus, 3, to col- 
lect, force. 

colloco, I conj. to station. 

colloquor, -i, -locutus sum, to converse. 

comburo, comburere, combussi, com- 
bustus, 3, to burn up. 

commemoro, I conj., to mention. 

commeo, I conj., with ad, to visit. 

committo, -mittere, -misi, -missus, 

3, to join. 
commone-facio, to remind forcibly. 
commoveo, -movere, -movi, motus, 2, 

to agitate. 

communio, -munire, -munivi, -muni- 
tus, 4, to fortify strongly. 

commutatio, -onis, f, change. 

comparo, I conj, to prepare. 

complector, -i, -plexus sum, to em- 
brace. 

complures, -a, very many. 

comporto, I conj., to collect. 

conatum, -i, n., trial. 

conatus, -us, m., attempt. 

concedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus, 3, to 
depart, grant. 

concido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisus, (3), kill. 

concilio, I conj., to win over. 

concilium, -i, n, assembly. 



THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 



31 



concursus, -us, m., encounter, attack. 

condono, I conj., to pardon. 

conduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus, 3, 

to assemble. 
confero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, 3, to 

gather; with se, to retreat. 
couficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus, 3, to 

accomplish. 
confirmo, I conj., to establish; assert. 
conjuratio, -onis, f, plot. 
conor, I conj., like passive of amo, to 

try. 
eonsanguineus, -a, -um, of same blood; 

as noun, kinsman. 
conscisco, -ere, -scivi, -scitus, 3, to de- 
cree. 
conscius, -a, -um, aware of. 
conscribo, -ere, conscripsi, conscrip- 

tus, 3, to enroll. 
consequor, -sequi, -secutus sum, 3, 

to follow, overtake. 
consilium, -i, n., plan. 
consisto, -ere, -stiti, 3, to stand. 
consoior, I conj., to cheer. 
conspectus, -us, m., sight. 
constituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitutus, 

3, to station; to determine. 
consuesco, -ere, -suevi, -suetus, 3, to 

become accustomed. 
consul, -is, m., consul, a chief magis- 
trate of Rome. 
consumo, -ere, -sumpsi, -sumptus, 3, 

to use up, 
contendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentus, 3, to 

hasten; fight. 
continenter, continually. 
contineo, -ere, -ui, -tentus, to bound. 
contumelia, -ae, f, affront; injury. 
convenio, 4, parts like venio, to meet; 

agree. 
conventus, -us, m., meeting. 
convoco, I, to summon. 
copia, -ae, f, supply; plural, troops. 
cotidianus, -a, -um, daily. 
cotidie, daily. 
cremo, I, burn to ashes. 
creo, I, to elect. 

cresco, -ere, -crevi. -cretus, 3, to grow. 
cultus, -us, m., culture. 
cum, conjunction, when, since, altho. 



cum, prep., with. 

cupide, eagerly. 

cupiditas, -tatis, f., desire, greed. 

cupidus, -a, -um, fond. 

cupio, -ere, cupivi, cupitus, 3, to favor. 

euro, I, to care for. 

custos, custodis, c, guardian. 



D. 



damno, I, to condemn. 

de, from, concerning. 

debeo, debere, debui, debitum, 2, to 

owe, ought. 
decern, ten. 

decipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus, 3, to de- 
ceive. 
defendo, -ere, -fendi, -fensus, 3, to 

repel, defend. 
deicio, -ere, dejeci, dejectus, 3, to 

cast down. 
delibero, I, to consider. 
deligo, -ere, -legi, -lectus, 3, to select, 

levy. 
deminuo, -ere, deminui, deminutus, 

3, to lessen. 
demonstro, I, to show, explain. 
demum, at length. 
depono, 3, see pono, to put away. 
depopulor, I, to destroy. 
deprecator, -oris, m., mediator. 
designo, I, to mark out. 
desisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitus, 3, to cease. 
despero, I, to despair. 
despicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus, 3, to 

despise. 
destituo, 3, see constituo, to desert. 
deterreo, -ere, -terrui, -territus, 3, to 

hinder. 
deus, i, m., god. 

dextra, -ae, f., the right hand, pledge. 
dico, -ere, dixi, dictus, 3, to speak, 

mention. 
dictio, -onis, f., pleading, defense. 
dies, -ei, c, day; in dies, from day to 

day. 
differo, differre, distuli, dilatus, 3, to 

differ. 
difficilis, -e, difficult. 
dimitto, 3, see mitto, to dismiss. 



32 



THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 



discedo, 3, see cedo, to depart. 

disco, -ere, didici, 3, to learn. 

dispono, 3, see pono, to distribute. 

diu, by day; a long time; quam diu, 
as long as; diutius, longer, too long. 

diuturnus, -a, -una, long continued. 

dives, divitis, rich. 

divido, -ere, divisi, divisus, 3, to di- 
vide. 

do, dare, dedi, datus, to give. 

doleo, -ere, -ui, -itus, 3, to suffer pain. 

dolor, -oris, m., pain. 

dolus, -i, -m., craft, treachery. 

domus, -us, double declension, f , house, 
home. 

dubitatio, -onis, f., doubt. 

dubito, I, to hesitate, be in doubt. 

dubius, -a, -um, doubtful. 

ducenti, -ae, -a, two hundred. 

duco, -ere, duxi, ductus, to lead; deem. 

dum, while, until, provided that. 

duo, dime, duo, two. 

duodecim, twelve. 



e, ex, out of, from; ex itinere, on the 

march; una ex parte, on one side. 
educo, 3, see duco, to lead out. 
effemino, I, to weaken. 
effero, -ferre, extuli, elatus, 3, to take 

away; to report. 
egregius, -a, -um, eminent. 
enio, -ere, emi, emptus, 3, to buy. 
enim, for, in fact. 
enuntio, I, to disclose. 
eo, ire, ivi, itus, to go. 
eodem, to the same place. 
eques, equitis, m., horseman; plural, 

cavalry. 
equester, -tris, -tre, equestrian. 
equitatus, -us, -m., cavalry. 
eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptus, 3, to 

take away: save. 
et, and; et . . . . et, both . . . and. 
etiam, even also. 
exemplum, -i, n., example. 
exeo, see eo, to leave. 
exercitus, -us, m., army. 
existimatio, -onis, f., opinion. 
existimo, I, to think. 



expeditus, -a, -um, unobstructed: as 
noun, light armed soldier. 

explorator, -oris, m., scout, spy. 

expugno, I, to capture. 

exsequor, see sequor, to follow out, en- 
force. 

exspecto, I, to wait, await. 

extra, beyond. 

extremus, sup. of exter, furthermost. 

exuro, -urere, -ussi, -ustus, 3, to burn 
up. 

F. 

facile, cp. facilius, sup., facillime, 
easily. 

facio, -ere, feci, f actus, 3, to make, do. 

facultas, -tatis, f., power, opportunity; 
means. 

familia, -ae, f., vassals; household. 

familiaris, -e, private; with res, pri- 
vate property. 

faveo, -ere, favi, fautus, 2, to favor. 

fere, almost. 

fero, ferre, tuli, latus, 3, to bear; re- 
port. 

fides, -ei, f., confidence, promise. 

filia, -ae, f., daughter. 

filius, -i, m., son. 

finis, -is, m., boundary; in plural, ter- 
ritory. 

finitimus, -a, -um, adjoining. 

fio, fieri, f actus sum, to be done; hap- 
pen. 

firmus, -a, -um, strong. 

flagito, I, to demand. 

fleo, -ere, flevi, fletus, 2, to weep, la- 
ment. 

flumen, -inis, n., river. 

fluo, -ere, fluxi, fluxus, 3, to flow. 

f ortis, -e, brave. 

fortitudo, -inis, f., courage. 

fortuna, -ae, f., fortune; estate. 

fossa, -ae, f., trench. 

f rater, -tris, m., brother. 

fraternus, -a, -um, brotherly. 

frigus, -oris, n., cold weather. 

frumentarius, -a, -um, pertaining to 
grain; productive; with res, pro- 
visions. 

frumentum, -i, n., grain, pi., crops. 

fuga, -ae, f., flight. 



THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 



33 



Q. 

gero, -ere, gessi, gestus, 3, to manage; 
wage (of war). 

gloria, -ae, f., glory, fame. 

glorior, I, to boast. 

gratia, -ae, f., popularity, good will; 
with agere, to thank. 

gravis, -e, heavy, severe; important. 

gravius, cp. of graviter, more griev- 
ously. 

H. 

habeo, -ere, habui, habitus, 2, to have; 
regard. 

hibernus, -a, -urn, winter; plural, win- 
ter quarters. 

hie, haec, hoc, this, this one; hie . . . 
ille, the one . . . the other. 

hiemo, I, to pass the winter. 

Hispania, -ae, Spain. 

homo, -inis, m., man, mankind. 

hortor, I, to urge. 

hostis, -is, c., stranger: foe. 

humanitas, -tatis, ni., refinement. 



ibi, there. 

idem, eadem, idem, the same. 

Idas, -uum, f., pi., the Ides, time of the 
full moon, 15th of March, May, July 
and October; 13th of other months. 

ignis, -is, m., fire. 

ille, ilia, illud, that, that one, see hie. 

illic, there. 

immortalis, -e, immortal. 

impedio, 4, to hinder. 

impeditus, -a, -um, hindered. 

impendeo, -ere, 2, to overhang. 

imperium, -i, n., command; supreme 
power. 

impero, I, to levy upon; command. 

impetro, I, to obtain one's request. 

importo, I, to import. 

improbus, -a, -nm, wicked. 

improvisus, -a, -um, unforeseen. 

improviso, suddenly. 

iinpune, without punishment. 

impunitas, -tatis, f., impunity. 

in, with ace., into, to, among, towards: 



withabl.,in, upon, among, at (ideas 
of rest). 
incendo, -ere, -cendi, -census, 3, to 

set fire to; excite. 
incito, I, to rouse. 

incolo, -ere, -colui, 3, to inhabit; live. 
incommodum, -i, n., disaster. 
incredibilis, -e, astonishing. 
inde, thence. 

indicium, -i, n., disclosure. 
induco, 3, see duco, to influence. 
infero, 3, see fero, to inflict. 
inferus, cp., inferior, sup., infimus or 

imus, low. 
influo, 3, see fluo, to flow into. 
inimicus, -a, -um, unfriendly. 
initium, -i, n., beginning. 
injuria, -ae, f., wrong. 
injussu, without order. 
inopinans, unawares. 
insciens, ignorant. 

insequor, seesequor, to pursue; harass. 
insidiae, -arum, f., ambush. 
insignis, -e, remarkable. 
insolenter, arrogantly. 
instituo, see constituo, to set in array; 

instruct; decide. 
institutum, -i, n., habit, custom. 
insto, -are, -stiti, -status, be at hand; 

press on. 
intellego, -ere, -lexi, -lectus, 3, to un- 
derstand. 
inter, between, among. 
intercedo, 3, see cedo, to intervene; 

happen. 
interdiu, by day. 
interdum, meanwhile, at times. 
inter ea, meanwhile. 
interficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus, 3, to 

kill. 
interim, in the meantime; repeated, 

sometimes. 
internecio, -onis, f., annihilation. 
interpres, -pretis, c, mediator; inter- 
preter. 
intersum, see sum, to be between; be 

present. 
interest, it is important. 
invitus, -a, um, unwilling. 
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, self. 



34 



THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 



is, ea, id, this, this one. 

ita, thus. 

itaque, and so. 

item, just so. 

iter, itineris, n., route; journey. 



jacto, I, to toss; discuss. 

jani, already; at length. 

jubeo, -ere, jussi, jussus, 2, to com- 
mand. 

judicium, -i, n., trial; judgment; court. 

judico, I, to judge. 

jugum, -i, n., yoke; ridge; sub jugum, 
in token of surrender. 

jumentum, -i, n., beast of burden. 

jungo, -ere, junxi, junctus, 3, to join. 

jus, juris, n., rights; authority. 

jus jurandum, n., oath. 

justitia, -ae, f., justice. 

K. 

Kalendae, -arum, f., the Calends, the 
first day of the month. 



lacesso, -ere, lacessivi, lacessitus, 3, 

to provoke; attack. 

lacrima, -ae, f., tear. 

lacus, -us, m., lake. 

largior, largiri, largitus sum, to give 
lavishly; bribe. 

largiter, freely. 

largitio, -onis, f., bribery. 

late, widely. 

latitude, -inis, f., breadth. 

latus, -a, -um, wide. 

legatio, -onis, f., embassy. 

legatus, -i, m., ambassador; lieutenant. 

legio, -onis, f., legion, about 3000 men. 

lenitas, -tatis, f., smoothness. 

lex, leg-is, f., law. 

liberalitas, -tatis, f., generosity. 

libere, freely. 

liberi, -orum, m., free members of the 
household, children. 

libertas, -tatis, f., liberty. 

liceor, licere, licitus, 2, to bid at auc- 
tion. 



licet, licere, licuit, 2, impers., it is 

lawful; one may. 
lingua, -ae, f., tongue, language. 
linter, lintris, c., skiff. 
locus, -i, m. ; plural, loca, -orum, n., 

place. 
longe, far; distant; cp., longius, sup., 

longissime. 
longitudo, -inis, f., length. 
loquor, loqui, locutus sum, to talk. 

M. 

magis, more, rather. 

magistratus, -us, m., public officer; 
government. 

magnopere, especially, greatly. 

magnus, -a, -um, great; cp. major, 
sup. maximus. 

maleficium, -i, n., doing evil, harm. 

mando, I, to entrust; enjoin. 

mater, -tris, f., mother. 

matrimonium, -i, n., marriage. 

maturo, I, to hasten. 

maturus, -a, -um, ripe; early. 

maximus, see magnus. 

melior, see bonus. 

memoria, -ae, f., memory. 

mensis, -is, m., month. 

mercator, -oris, m., merchant, trader. 

mereor, mereri, meritus sum, 2, to 
deserve. 

meritum, -i, n., favor: merit, desert. 

metior, metiri, mensus sum, to meas- 
ure out. 

miles, militis, m., soldier. 

mille, (indec. in sing.) a thousand; plu- 
ral, milia, milium, n., thousands. 

minime, least, very little; not at all. 

minimus, see parvus. 

minor, see parvus. 

minuo, -ere, minui, minutus, 3, to di- 
minish. 

minus, less. 

mitto, -ere, misi, missus, 3, to send. 

modo, only; even, just; recently. 

molitus, -a, -um, ground. 

moneo, -ere, monui, monitus, 2, to 
warn, advise, teach. 

mons, montis, m., mountain. 

morior, mori, mortuus sum, to die. 



THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 



35 



mors, mortis, f., death. 

mos, moris, m., custom, manner. 

moveo, -ere, movi, motus, 3, to move; 

break. 
multitudo, -inis, f., multitude. 
multus, -a, -um, cp., plus; sup., pluri- 

mus; much, many. 
munitio, -onis, f., fortifications, 
murus, -i, m., wall. 

N. 

nam, for. 

natura, -ae, f., character; nature. 

navis, -is, f., ship. 

ne, that not; lest; not to. 

ne . . . quidem, not even. 

necessarius, -a, -um, needful; as noun, 

kinsman. 
nego, I, to deny; refuse. 
nemo, ace. neminein, m., no one. 
neque, and not, nor; repeated, neither 

. . . nor. 
nervus, -i, m., nerve; pi., power. 
nex, necis, f., death. 
nihil, nothing; as adv., in no way. 
nihilo, by no means ; none. 
nitor, niti, nisus sum, to rely upon: 

strive. 
nobilis, -e, noted. 
nobilitas, -tatis, f., celebrity; nobility; 

the nobles. 
noctu, by night. 

nolo, nolle, nolui, to be unwilling. 
nomen, -inis, n., name: renown. 
non, not, no. 
non-dum, not yet. 
non-nullus, -a, -um, some. 
non-numquam, sometimes. 
noster, nostra, nostrum, our, ours; 

our men. 
novus, -a, um, new; res novae, a 

change of government; with agmen, 

the rear. 
nuptum, supine of nubo, to marry. 
nullus, -a, -um, none; no. 
num, interrog. particle, implying a neg. 

answer. 
numerus, -i, m., number. 
nuntio, I, to announce. 
nuper, recently. 



o. 

ob, on account of; quam ob rem, 

wherefore. 
obaeratus, -i, m., debtor. 
obliviscor, -i, oblitus sum, to forget. 
obsecro, I, to beseech. 
obses, obsidis, c, hostage. 
obstringo, -ere, obstrinxi, obstrictus, 

3, to bind. 
obtineo, -ere, -ui, -tentus, 2, to pos- 
sess; obtain. 
occasus, -us, m., setting. 
occido, -ere, occidi, occisus, 3, to cut 

down; slay. 
occupo, I, to seize; hold. 
oceanus, -i, m., the open sea, ocean. 
octoginta, eighty. 
oculus, -i, m., eye. 
odi, odisse, to hate. 
offendo, -ere, offendi, offensus, 3, to 

wound. 
offensio, -onis, f., offense. 
omnino, altogether. 
omnis, -e, all, every. 
oportet, -ere, oportuit, 2, impers., it 

is necessary; best trans., (I, you, he, 

etc.) must, ought. 
oppidum. -i, n., walled town. 
oppugno, I, to attack, storm. 
ops, opis, f., power; plural, resources. 
optimus, see bonus, 
opus, operis, n., work. 
oratio, -onis, f., speech. 
orior, oriri, ortus sum, to begin, rise. 
oro, I, to plead. 
ostendo, -ere, ostendi, ostentus, 3, 

to show, point out. 



pabulatio, -onis, f., foraging. 
pabulum, -i, n., food. 
paco, I, to pacify. 
paene, almost. 
pagus, -i, m., district. 
paro, I, to prepare. 
pars, partis, f., parti faction; side. 
parvus, -a, -um; cp., minor, sup., min- 
imus; small. 
passus, -us, m., pace (4 feet 1034 inches). 



36 



THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 



patens, patentis, open. 

pateo, -ere, patui, 2, to lie open; ex- 
tend. 

pater, patris, m., father. 

patior, pati, passus suni, to suffer, al- 
low. 

pax, pacis, f., peace. 

pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsus, 3, to beat; 
repulse. 

per, through; by means of. 

perduco, see duco, to conduct; con- 
struct. 

perfacilis, -e, very easy. 

perfero, see fero, to convey; report; 
endure. 

perficio, see conficio, to achieve; per- 
fect. 

periculum, -i, n., trial; danger. 

permoveo, see moveo, to incite, move 
thoroughly. 

pernicies, -ei, f., destruction. 

perpauci, -ae, -a, very few. 

perrumpo, -ere, perrupi, perruptus, 
3, to break through. 

persequor, see sequor, to follow up; 
avenge. 

persevero, I, to persist. 

persolvo, see solvo, to pay in full. 

persuadeo, -ere, persuasi, persuasus, 
2, to persuade. 

perterreo, 2, to frighten thoroughly. 

pertineo, see contineo, to extend; per- 
tain. 

pervenio, see venio, to reach, arrive at. 

pes, pedis, m., foot. 

peto, -ere, petivi, petitus, 3, to seek, 
ask. 

plebs, plebis, f., populace. 

plurimum, very much. 

plurimus, see multus. 

poena, -ae, f., penalty. 

polliceor, -eri, pollicitus sum, 2, to 
promise. 

pono, -ere, posui, positus, 3, to place. 

pons, pontis, m., bridge. 

populatio, -onis, f., ravaging. 

populor, I, to ravage. 

populus, -i., m., the people. 

porto, I, to carry. 

portoriuin, -i, n., toll, tariff. 



possessio, -onis, f., possession. 

possum, posse, potui, to be able, pow- 
erful. 

post, after; behind; afterwards. 

posterus, cp., posterior, sup. postrem- 
us; after, next. 

potens, potentis, powerful. 

potentia, -ae, f., power. 

potestas, -tatis, f., ability; authority; 
right. 

potior, potiri, potitus sum, become 
master of. 

praecedo, -ere, -cessi, cessus, 3, to 
precede; surpass. 

praeficio, see conficio, to put in com- 
mand of. 

praemitto, see mitto, to send ahead. 

praesentia, -ae, f., presence; the pres- 
ent moment. 

praesertim, especially. 

praesidium, -i, n., guard; stronghold. 

praesto, -stare, -stiti, -stitus, to excel. 

praesum, see sum, to be over. 

praeter, beyond; except. 

praetereo, see eo, to pass by, omit; as 
noun in plural, the past. 

praeterquam, except. 

prendo, -ere, prendi, prensus, 3, to 
grasp. 

pretium, -i, n., price. 

prex, precis, f., entreaty. 

primus, -a, -um, see prior, first. 

princeps, principis, m., chief. 

principatus, -us, m., leadership. 

prior, prius, sup. primus, former. 

pristinus, -a, -um, primitive. 

prius, sooner. 

priusquam, before. 

privatim, individually. 

pro, before; in behalf of; in proportion 
to. 

probo, I, to approve; prove; show. 

prodo, -ere, prodidi, proditus, 3, to 
betray; hand down. 

proelium, -i, n., battle. 

profectio, -onis, f., departure. 

prof ectus, see proficiscor. 

proficiscor, -i, profectus sum, to de- 
part. 

prohibeo, 2, to prevent. 



THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 



37 



propello, -ere, propuli, propulsus, 3, 

to urge on; rout. 

propinquus, -a, -um, near; as noun, 
relatives. 

propono, see pono, to set forth; de- 
clare. 

propter, on account of. 

propter-ea, on this account. 

proximus, -a, -um, nearest, next; last. 

publice, officially. 

pulsus, see pello. 

puto, I, to think; estimate. 

Q. 

qua, where. 

quadraginta, forty. 

quadringenti, -ae, -a, four hundred. 

quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitus, 
3, to inquire. 

quam, how, how much; than; as pos- 
sible. 

quantus, -a, -um, how great, how 
much; so much. 

quare, wherefore. 

quartus, -a, -um, fourth. 

quattuor, four. 

-que, and. 

queror, queri, questus sum, to com- 
plain. 

qui, quae, quod, who, which, what, 
that. 

quidem, indeed; ne . . . quidem, not 
even. 

quin, but that; after negatives, but, 
what, that, from. 

quin etiam, nay even. 

quindecim, fifteen. 

quingenti, -ae, -a, five hundred. 

quini, -ae, -a, five each. 

quinque, five. 

quintus, -a, -um, fifth. 

quis, quae, quid, who ? etc. ; any one, 
etc. 

quisquam, quaequam, quidquam, 
(quicquam) , any one, any thing. 

quisque, quaeque, quidquae, each, 
every one. 

quod, because. 

quoque, too. 



rapina, -ae, f., plunder. 

ratis, -is, f., raft. 

recens, -entis, recent. 

recipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus, 3, to re- 
cover; with se, to retreat. 

redimo, -ere, redemi, redemptus, 3, 
to purchase. 

reditio, -onis, f., return. 

regnum, -i, n., royal power; kingdom. 

relinquo, -ere, reliqui, relictus, 3, to 
leave; remain. 

reliquus, -a, -um, left remaining; as 
noun, remainder. 

reminiscor, -i, to remember. 

removeo, see moveo, to withdraw. 

renuntio, I, to bring back word. 

repello, see propello, to repulse. 

repentinus, -a, -um, sudden. 

reperio, -ire, repperi, repertus, to dis- 
cover. 

repreliendo, -ere, -hendi, -hensus, 3, 
to sieze; blame. 

repugno, I, to fight back. 

res, rei, f., thing, matter, affair; res 
publica, the state; see novus. 

rescindo, -ere, rescidi, rescissus, 3, 
to cut down. 

respondeo, -ere, -spondi, -sponsus, 3, 
to reply. 

responsum, -i, n., reply. 

restituo, see constituo, to restore. 

retineo, see obtineo, to restrain; de- 
tain. 

revertor, -i, reversus sum, to return. 

ripa, -ae, f., bank. 

rogo, I, to ask, request. 



saepe, often; with minime, rarely. 
satis, enough. 

satisfacio, see facio, to satisfy; apol- 
ogize. 
scelus, sceleris, n., crime. 
scio, 4, to know. 
secreto, apart. 

secundus, -a, -um, favorable; second. 
sed, but. 
sedecim, sixteen. 



38 



THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 



seditiosus, -a, -um, mutinous. 

semen tis, -is, f., planting. 

semper, always. 

senatus, -us, m., (from senex, old man) 
the administrative council of Rome. 

seni, -ae, -a, six each. 

sentio, -ire, sensi, sensus, to feel; to 
imagine. 

septentriones, -um, m., stars of the 
Great Bear: North. 

septentrio, -onis, f., the North. 

septimus, seventh. 

sequor, sequi, secutus sum, to follow. 

servitus, -tutis, f., slavery. 

si, if; whether; quod si, hut if. 

silva, -ae, f., forest. 

simul, at once, together; simul ac, as 
soon as. 

sin, hut if. 

sine, without. 

singuli, -ae, -a, one at a time. 

sive, whether, or. 

socer, -eri, m., father-in-law. 

socius, -i, m., ally. 

sol, solis, m., the sun. 

solum, -i, n., soil; agri solum, the bare 
ground. 

solum, only. 

solus, -a, -um, alone. 

soror, sororis, f., sister. 

spatium, -i, n., space (of time or dis- 
tance). 

specto, I, to behold; face, lie. 

spero, I, to hope. 

spes, spei, f., hope. 

sponte, voluntarily, of one's own will. 

statuo, -ere, statui, statutus, 3, to re- 
solve. 

studeo, -ere, -ui, 2, to desire. 

studium, -i, n., good will. 

sub, under, at foot of; about. 

subeo, see eo, to undergo. 

sublevo, I, to lift; encourage; assist. 

subsisto, -ere, -stiti, 3, to halt. 

subvelio, -ere, -vexi, vectus, 3, to con- 
vey. 

summus, -a, -um, highest; chief. 

sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptus, 3, to 
take, inflict. 

sumptus, -us, m., expense. 



superior, -ius, higher; former. 
supero, I, to surpass; conquer; survive. 
suppeto, see peto, to be on hand. 
supplicium, -i, n., punishment. 
suscipio, see recipio, to undertake. 
suspicio, -onis, f., suspicion. 
suus, -a, -um, possessive pronoun, his, 
etc. 

T. 

taceo, 3, to be silent. 

tarn, so. 

tamen, yet. 

tantus, -a, -um, so much, so great, such. 

telum, -i, n., dart, javelin. 

temperantia, -ae, f., self control. 

tempero, I, to refrain; check. 

tempto I, to try. 

tempus, -oris, n., time. 

teneo, tenere, tenui, tentus, 3, to 
keep. 

tertius, -a, -um, third. 

testis, -is, c., witness. 

timeo, 3, to fear. 

tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatus, 3, to lift 
up, take away. 

totus, -a, -um, all. 

traduco, see duco, to transfer, to lead 
across. 

trans, across, beyond. 

transduco, see traduco. 

transeo, see eo, to cross. 

tres, tria, three. 

tribuo, -ere, tribui, tributus, 3, to at- 
tribute; grant. 

turn, then; cum . . . turn, both . . . 
and. 

u. 

ubi, where, when. 

ulciscor, -i, ultus sum, to avenge, 

punish. 
ullus, -a, -um, any. 
ulterior, -ius, farther. 
una, along with. 
undique, on all sides. 
urbs, urbis, f., city. 
ut, that; though; as, how. 
uter, utra, utrum, which. 
utor, uti, usus sum, to use. 
uxor, uxoris, f., wife. 



THE BEGINNERS CAESAli 



39 



vaduni, -i, n., ford, 
vagor, I, to roam about. 
valeo, 2, to have influence; avail. 
vasto, I, to lay waste. 
vectigal, -galis, n., taxes. 
vel, or; repeated, either ... or. 
venio, -ire, veni, ventus, to come, 
verbum, -i, n., word. 
vereor, -eri, veritus sum, 2, to rever- 
ence; fear. 
vergo, -ere, 3, to slope. 
verus, -a, -uni, true. 
vetus, -eris, old. 
vexo, I, to harass. 
via, -ae, f., way, road. 
vicus, -i, m., village. 



video, -ere, vidi, visas, 2, to see; in 
passive, seem. 

vigilia, -ae, f., watch (one of the four 
divisions of the night.) 

viginti, twenty. 

vinculum, -i, n., chain. 

virtus, -tutis, f., valor; in plural, vir- 
tues. 

vis, vis, ±\, force. 

vitae, -ae, f., life. 

vito, I, to avoid. 

vix, hardly ; with difficulty. 

voco, I, to call ; invoke. 

volo, velle, volui, to wish, will. 

voluntas, -tatis, f., willingness; con- 
sent. 

volgus or vulgus, -i, n., the masses. 



THE END. 



£PR 10 190© 



